Working With Function || Notes || Sumita Arora || Class 12 || Computer science || Information practices

Working With Function || Notes || Sumita Arora || Class 12 || Computer science || Information practices

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Note = All given notes are based on Sumita Arora book class 12

Working With Function

Function: - A function is a subprogram that act on data and often return a value.

 

Python function types:-

 

1 = Built in function: - These are pre-define function and always available for use. You have used some of them like - len (), type (), int (), input () etc.

 

2 = Function defined in modules: - These functions are pre-defined in particular modules and can only be used when the corresponding module is imported.

For example: - If we want to find the square root of any number then we have import math module then call the function - sqrt ()

 

3 = User defined functions: - These are define by the programmer. As programmer you can create your own function.

 

 

Defining function in python:-

Look figure carefully --

 

 

Function header: - The first line of the function definition that beings with keyword Def and ends with a colon (:), specifies the name of the function and its parameters.

 

Parameters: - Variables that are listed within the parentheses of a function header.

 

Function body: - The block of statement/indented - statement beneath function header that defines the action performed by the function.

 

Indentation: - The blank space in the beginning of statement within a block. All statements within same block have same indentation.

 

Flow of execution: - The flow of execution refers to the order in which statement are executed during a program run.

For example: -

def calcSum (x,y):

        s = x + y

        return s

num1 = float (input ("Enter the first number: "))

num2 = float (input("Enter the second number : "))

sum = calSum (num1,num2)

print("Sum of two given number is ",sum)

 

 

 

Argument: - The values being passed through a function call statement are called argument (or actual parameters or actual argument).

For example:-

def calcSum ( x , y ):

        s = x + y

        return s

 

print (calcSum ( 2 , 3 ))

a = 5

b = 6

print (calcSum ( a , b ))

d = 10

print (calcSum ( 9 , d ))

·         Here a , b , d , 2 , 3 , 9 are “arguments” which is used in call function.

 

Parameters: - The values received in the function definition header are called parameter (or formal parameters or formal arguments).

For example: -

def calcSum ( x , y ):

        :

·         Here x , y are “parameters”

 

Passing parameters:-

 

Python support three types of formal arguments/parameters:

 

1:- Positional argument (required arguments): - When the functions call statement must match the number and order of arguments as define in the functions definition this is called the position argument matching.

For example:-

def check (a,b,c):

       :

Then possible functions call for this can be:-

 

check ( x , y , z ) # 3 values( all variables) passed

 

check ( 2 , x , y ) # 3 values ( literal + variables ) passed

 

check ( 2 , 3 , 4 ) # 3 values ( all literal ) passed

 

Thus through such functions calls -

• The argument must be provided for all parameters (required)

• The values of argument are matched with parameters, position (order) wise (positional)

 

2:- Default arguments: - A parameter having defined value in the function header is known as a default parameter.

For example:-

def interest( principal , time , rate = 10 ) :

                :

If:-

si = interest ( 5400,2 ) #third argument missing

 

So the parameter principal get value 5400, time get 2 and since the third argument rate is missing, so default value 0.10 is used for rate.

 

If:-

si = interest ( 6100 ,3 ,0.15 ) # no argument missing

 

So the parameter principal get value 6100, time get 3 and the parameter rate gets value 0.15.

 

 

• That means the default values (values assigned in function header) are considered only if no value is provided for that parameter in the function call statement.

• Default argument are useful in situations where some parameters always have same value.

 

You can understand more by seeing below examples:-

 

def interest ( prin , time , rate = 0.10) # legal

 

def interest ( prin , time = 2 , rate) # illegal ( default parameter before required parameter )

 

def interest ( prin = 2000 ,time = 2 ,rate) # illegal

# (same reason as above)

 

def interest ( prin , time = 2 , rate = 0.10 ) # legal

 

def interest ( prin = 2000 , time = 2 , rate = 0.10) # legal

 

 

Some advantages of the default parameters are listed below:-

• They can be used to add new parameters to the existing functions.

• They can used to combine similar function into one.

 

3:- Keyword (or named ) arguments:-

Keyword arguments are the named arguments with assigned values being passed in the function call statement.

For example:-

def interest ( prin , time , rate ) :

       return prin * time * rate

      

print (interest ( prin = 2000 , time = 2 , rate 0.10 ))

 

print (interest ( time = 4 , prin = 2600 , rate = 0.09 ))

 

print (interest ( time = 2  , rate = 0.12  , prin = 2000 ))

 

• All the above functions call are valid now, even if the order of arguments does not match.

 

 

 

Using multiple argument type together:-

 

Python allows you to combine multiple argument types in a function call.

 

Rules for combining all three types of arguments:-

 

• And argument list must first contain positional (required) arguments followed by any keyword argument.

• Keyword arguments should be taken from the required arguments preferably.

• You cannot specify a value for an argument more than once.

For example:-

def interest ( prin , cc , time = 2 , rate = 0.09 ):

      return prin * time * rate

 

 

 

 

 

Thankyou !!!!!

 

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